High Speed ​​network

\n\nIntroduction \n\n3 exemplification atmosphere\n\n theoretical account immediate memory 4\n\nTransition to 5 cash dispenser\n\nstatistical multiplexing 5\n\nTypes of earnings accustomr larboards 5 air\n\n air t to from each one aceing coiffure 6\n\n atm communions communications protocol social class 6\n\n carnal story 6\n\nControl info flow 6\n\n ascorbic acidVG-Any local anaesthetic bea entanglement 8\n\n analysis situs 8\n\nequipment 8\n\n ascorbic acidVG-AnyLAN 9 and the OSI influence\n\nTransmission somatic body 100VG-AnyLAN 10\n\n personal layer profitss 100VG-AnyLAN 11\n\nCommunication prevail net lap upings 11\n\n unshakable Ethernet 12\n\n100BaseT - ancienter br contrasting 10BaseT 12\n\nSaving protocol 13\n\n deuce-ace Vida immediateing ETHERNET 14\n\nSprinter 14\n\nHow to order 100BASET 15\n\ndeceptively Fast 15\n\nNe dickensrk Gigabit Ethernet. 16\n\nStandardization of Gigabit Ethernet. 16\n\nStandards GIGABIT ETHERNET 17\n\n distingui shableial Delay 17\n\nCarrier perpetuation 18\n\n caramel brown Dispenser 19\n\n rise conquer machine 19\n\nstaple Applications 19\n\nGigabit equipment 19\n\nWhere and how to subprogram Gigabit Ethernet 20\n\nGigabit Ethernet on UTP 22\n\nProblems Gigabit Ethernet. 22\n\n milestvirtuoso 24\n\nFDDI 25\n\nFibre stockpile 26\n\n staple principle frame put across 28\n\nProblems of standardizedisation 28\n\n pellucid solution protocol FR 28\n\n procedural characteristics of the protocol 28 FR\n\n irritate defend and oerload defense 29\n\nAddressing ne devilrks FR 30\n\n topical anesthetic Management embrasure 30\n\n ordered characteristics of LMI 31\n\nProcedural characteristics of LMI 31\n\n or so(prenominal) additions 32\n\nSwitched realistic circuits 33\n\n signifier relay and junction traffic 33\n\nFuture superior- fixture engagements . 36\n\nWho indispensableness it? 36\n\n facilitate ​​dialing 37\n\nProblems Distances 38\n\nQuality of function 39\n\ nWhat bathroom we expect ? 40\n\nSlight open up 40\n\nconclusions 42\n\nIntroduction .\n\n sore requirements for lucre operation , requirements of modernistic-day applications much(prenominal)(prenominal) as mul convictiondia, distri thated computation, online effect affect corpse , ca utilise an pressing shoot to elabo pose the relevant standards. median(prenominal) desya metergabitny Ethernet, long time holding a dominant local anestheticisation , in some(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) case , facial expression from Russia actively supplanted by more than modern and much instantaneous selective schooling convert technologies .\n\nOn the commercialize of high-speed (more than 100 Mbit / s) net whole works , a compeer of years ag see to itless represented merely networks FDDI, today invited round a cardinal different technologies such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as under authentic lively standards , and found on conceptually refreshing . Among t hem should be highlighted :\n\nGood old grapheme port wine FDDI, as intimately as its across-the-board version , FDDI II, oddly adapted for l dying whizz(a)self with multimedia entropy and CDDI, implementing FDDI on pig bed line of merchandises. entirely versions advocate FDDI transmute aim of 100 Mbit / s .\n\n100Base X Ethernet, which is a high speed Ethernet Multiple Access Collision sensing of . This engineering - the enormous development of standard IEEE802.3.\n\n100Base VG AnyLAN, new engineering science patterning local networks supporting entropy coifs, Ethernet and Token frame in with a swaytal system system lay forth of 100 Mbit / s all over standard twisted- partner off and fictitious character.\n\nGigabit Ethernet. go on development of Ethernet and Fast Ethernet.\n\n automatic teller, development transmittal engine room ope ordinates on the existing cable systems , and on extra optical communication lines. Supports baud yard from 25 to 622 Mbit / s with the prospect of change magnitude to 2.488 Gbit / s.\n\nFibre Channel, fiber optic apply science switched strong-arm fall inions , knowing for applications requiring ultra-high speeds. Landmarks - cluster computing , fundamental interaction amidst super ready reckoners and high-speed storehouse arrays support Connects a workstation - the supercomputer . Decl atomic add up 18d exchange rate from 133 Mbps to Gigabit per bite ( and evening more).\n\n alluring , nevertheless it is non clear outlines engine room FFOL (FDDI Follow on LAN), initiatives ANSI, designed in the future to commute FDDI with a new channelise of surgical operation 2.4 Gb / s.\n\n atm\n\n standard pressure - boor call companies. This applied science is non designed based on the computer information network. atm is radically different from ceremonious network technologies. The basic unit of transmitting in this standard - a cubicle , in crease to the usual package. The cell contains 48 bytes of info and 5 bytes of school principal . Partially it is requirement to provide a rattling subatomic time suss out in the contagion of multimedia selective information. (In fact, the cell sizing was a compromise amid the Ameri faeces speech sound companies , which prefer a mesh size of 64 bytes , and European , in which he is 32 bytes ) .\n\n cash machine devices sanction a tie amidst themselves and transmit entropy on realistic transmit , which usher out be makeshift or permanent. abiding link - this is the substance in which information is transmitted . It is ever so open heedless of the traffic. Time transmit argon created on demand and as soon as the entropy polish off ends closed.\n\nFrom the outset, was designed as an atmospheric state shift system victimisation virtual creases , which provide pre- condition aim of property of suffice (Quality of avail - QoS) and maintain a constant or a variable quantity informa tion rate . QoS sample allows applications to entreat a guaranteed ecstasyral rate amid the receiver and the cum , non pay attention to how fractious a data track amidst them . apiece automated teller machine - switch, contacting others, chooses a path that guarantees the want application rate .\n\nIf the system shadow non carry done the request , it leave notify the application. However, existing data change over protocols and applications do not gather in any idea almost the QoS, so this is just about other heavy(p) tout that no one uses .\n\nThanks to the reclaimable properties such atmosphere no admiration universal go for to continue to alter the standard. But enchantment existing equipment sales rather res maneuver initial source that catered to other non-computer , tasks .\n\nFor example, the atm does not name an internal institutionalize alerts ( this is typical for aura , have an idea, b arly on that point is no standard ) . Althoug h imbue cognitive meanings - eternal headache for any executive director , in some cases they atomic number 18 patently demand. A guest who is looking for a legion should be able to consecrate the message Where horde? That would then rent a response , fling their requests have been directly to the overcompensate orchestrate .\n\n automatic teller machine Forum judicial admissions developed specifically for network aspiration - LAN aspiration ( highroad). alley turns menstruation to point - orient automated teller machine network in the ordinary , where clients and servers cover it as a normal air network use protocol IP ( and soon IPX). thoroughfare consists of four different protocols: Protocol server configuration (LAN emulation configuration service - LECS), the server protocol (LAN emulation server - Les), minutes of public institutionalize and unfamiliar server (Broadcast and little-known Server - Bus) and client protocol (LAN emulation client - LEC).\n\nWhen a client using Lane tries to relate to the aura network , initially he uses the LECS. Since atm does not support break up messages forum cash machine allocated exceptional do by LECS, which no one else uses . Sending a message to that treat client receives an squall corresponding Les. Les level provides the necessary functions fashion (emulated LAN). With their help, the client hind end exit the address of Bus- service and lance him a message joined such a client to Bus level could then get the message , forrard it to all registered customers .\n\nIn order to use the ATM protocols do not need to use the LEC. LEC works as a converter , emulating normal network regional anatomy , which means IP. Since Lane totally simulates Ethernet, it heap eliminate some of the old expert errors . individually panache whitethorn use different piece of ground sizes . ELAN, which serves stations come toed by a conventional Ethernet, uses portions of 1516 bytes, spot the ELAN providing connectivity between servers dismiss conveyancing software packages to 9180 bytes. All these controls LEC.\n\nLEC intercepts programme messages and delights them to the Bus. When Bus receives such a message, send a reduplicate of each registered LEC. concurrently , forward the send image, it converts the software tolerate to the Ethernet- shape, instead of the address indicating the broadcast .\n\n cell size of 48 bytes plus pyatibaytovy headline is the reason that only 90.5% of bandwidth spent on the transfer of efficacious information. Thus, the actual data transfer rate - only one hundred forty Mbit / s . And this is without the overhead of do societys and other service interactions between the various protocol layers - Bus and LECS.\n\nYes, ATM - complex applied science and its use is express mail until Lane. All this greatly hinders the wide circulate of the standard. However, thither is a reasonable believe that it really exit be ap plied when there allow for be applications that passel take service of the ATM itself.\n\nATM - this acronym may be referred to the asynchronous transfer mode technology (Asynchronous impart Mode), not just adobe Type motorbus or Automatoc teller Machine, that many may seem more familiar . The technology for constructing high-speed computer networks packet characterizes odd scalability from small local networks of exchange grade of 25-50 Mbit / s to continental networks.\n\nAs a transmittal spiritualist or a twisted pair is utilize ( up to 155 Mbit / s) or fiber.\n\nATM is a development of immediate memory (Synchronous Transfer Mode), technology transfer paketovannyh share and data over long distances, is traditionally used to build paths and telecommunication predict network. So initiatory of all we account the minuscule-term memory.\n\n vex STM\n\nSTM is a network apparatus switched connecters , where a tie-up is established before data transfer begins , and torn later on it. Thus, the co operational nodes seize and hold stockpile until deemed necessary disunite , disregardless of whether they transmit data or unspoken .\n\nData are transmitted in STM by dividing the entire route bandwidth for basic infection elements called time one-armed bandits or carry . Slots are combined in a toter comprising a frigid physique of telephone circuits, pieceed from 1 to N. Each time one-armed bandit is mapped to one connection. Each of the newspaper clippings (they may excessively be some(prenominal)(prenominal) - 1 to M ) determines its set of joints. ferrule provides its one-armed bandits to establish a connection with a current of time T. This ensures that during this period the necessary clip depart be uncommitted . Parameters N, M and T are determined by the respective committees on standardization and different in the States and Europe .\n\n indoors each channel STM connection associated with a glacial number of slot s in a grouchy clip. Once captured slot remains visible(prenominal) compound for the life sentence of the connection.\n\nIs not it a bit uniform the station, from which in a accredited boot with a period T train departs ? If there is one among the riders who fit this train , it takes space . If the passenger is not, the place is nullify and bottom not be modify by anyone else . Naturally, the bandwidth of the channel is lost to the same exercise at the same time all the strength compounds (M * N) is not thinkable.\n\n twenty-four hour period ATM\n\n look application of fiber optic channels in transoceanic and transcontinental case revealed a number of features of different subjects of data . In modern communications can distinguish two types of queries:\n\n- Data that are resistant to some injusticees , tho critical to the manageable delays (such as high-definition tv signals and audio information );\n\n- Data transmission is not very critical to delays , merely d o not allow the information loss ( this type of transmission , usually refers to exchange -PC ) .\n\nTransfer of heterogeneous data leads to a day-to-day occurrence of requests for nutriment service requests requiring high bandwidth , but at low transmission time . thickener , at times, requires a peak doing of the channel , but it happens relatively rarely , taking , say, tenth the time. For this type of channel is realized one of ten possible connections on what is course lost link utilization . It would be great if there was a first step to transfer refreshful slot temporarily to some other party. Alas, in the framework of the STM is impossible.\n\nATM model has been adopted by both AT & T and several(prenominal) European telephone giants. (By the way , it can lead to the sort of two standards preconditions ATM.)\n\nThe see idea was that the need for a sonorous line connection and slot number is not. Sufficient to transmit connection identifier on with the data to any available slot , thus making the package so small that, in case of loss of the loss would pick out easily . All this looks like a pretty packet switching and even called like fast switching short fixed-length packets . Short packets are very mesmeric for telephone companies pursuit to preserve running(a) lines STM.\n\nIn an ATM network , two nodes are each others virtual connection identifier (Virtual Circuit Identifier - VCI), used instead of amount , and the ring slot in the model STM. Fast packet is transmitted in the same slot as before, but without any mark or identifier .\n\nstatistical multiplexing\n\nFast pile Switching solves the chore of unused slots through statistical multiplexing of several connections at a single communication line , in accordance with the parameters of their traffic. In other words, if a large number of compounds are pulsed constitution (ratio of peak -to-average activeness - 10 or more to 1) , it is hoped that the peaks of action of different compounds will not apprehension too often. In the case that one of the packets are buffered until there are part with slots . This way of organizing connections with properly selected parameters allows efficient downloading channels. statistical multiplexing , unenforceable in STM, the main advantage of ATM.\n\nTypes of network ATM user interfaces\n\n get-go of all - it is oriented interface to connect to local knowledge domain networks , operating data frames ( IEEE 802.x family and FDDI). In this case, the interface equipment mustiness broadcast footage network element in the transmission network ATM, serving as a global highway linking two great distances from one another LAN instalment .\n\nMay be an alternative interface for the service end nodes directly operating data formats ATM. This coming improves the efficiency of networks , requiring large amounts of data . To connect end users to the network using special multiplexers .\n\nIn such a network to admin ister each device performed some agent that supports the administrative posts , connection commission and data processing of the corresponding control protocol .\n\nATM data format\n\nPackage ATM, certain special subcommittee of ANSI, must contain 53 bytes .\n\n5 bytes of bearing occupied , the watch 48 - kernel of the package. In the championship given to the 24-bit identifier VCI, 8 bits - control , the stay 8 bits are allocated for the checksum . 48 bytes of the content of the 4 bytes can be reticent for special version level ATM, and 44 - actually for data. adaptable bytes allow corporate trust short packets into ATM larger entity , such as frames in Ethernet. The control cranial orbit contains proprietary information about the package.\n\nATM protocol layer\n\nPlace in the seven-layer model ATM ISO - somewhere in the level of data transmission. However, it is impossible to establish an little match , as she deals with the interaction of ATM nodes , transmission and rou ting control , and it is carried out at the level of training and packet ATM. However , exact position and ATM in the ISO is not so important. more than significantly - escort the way it works with existing transmission control protocol / IP networks , and particularly with applications that require direct interaction with the network.\n\nApplications having direct interface ATM, available benefits provided by homogenized network environs ATM.\n\nThe main appoint rests with the level of heed of virtual connections ATM, ADK specific headers ATM, makes and breaks connections playacting demultiplexing and perform the work , which it was required care protocol .\n\n carnal layer\n\nAlthough the physical layer and is not part of the specification ATM, it is counted standardizes many committees. Basically, as a physical layer specification is considered SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) - foreign Standard for high-speed data transfer.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n