Analytical Psychology of Carl Jung Essay

Psychological Therapeutic System, more commonly known as, Analytical Psychology, was developed and founded by a Swiss psychiatrist, Carl Gustav Jung. Carl’s family was very involved with the Christian faith, when Carl had his â€Å"initiation† he didn’t have any moving feelings and that was said to be a main reason to why he chose to go on with his later work, he was trying to replace the faith that was missing from his life (Mitchell). Jung and Freud met up and began a six year long journey of research and work together until they split right before World War I in May 1914. Jung soon started his own research which became Analytical Psychology in response to Freud’s psychoanalysis. (Mitchell). â€Å"Jung taught that the psyche consists of various systems including the personal unconscious with its complexes and a collective unconscious with its archetypes,† (PsychoHeresy Awareness Ministries). Analytic psychology is the analysis of the human mind, psyche and the unconscious, as well as the conscious components of the mind. It is thought that man’s behavior and his conscious states can be explained only by unconscious sources of what motivates him. Jung believed that the mind could be divided into unconscious and conscious parts. The unconscious mind was made up of layers; the personal unconscious is the part of the unconscious mind where each person’s unique own experiences and that may not be consciously remembered are stored. Jung believed that the contents of each person’s personal unconscious are organized in terms of complexes, clusters of emotional unconscious thoughts. One may have a complex towards their mother or towards their partner. Jung referred to the second layer of unconsciousness as the collective unconscious. This level contains memories and behavioral predisposition’s that all people have inherited from common ancestors in the distant human past, providing us with essentially shared memories and tendencies. People across space and time tend to interpret and use experience in similar ways because of â€Å"archetypes†, inherited human tendencies to perceive and act in certain ways. During Analytic Therapy, Jung may use certain archetypes to explain a person’s unconscious thought that even affect their behavior. Jung believed that there are certain archetypes that are important in people’s lives. These archetypes are as follows. The persona archetype is the part of our personality that we show the world, the part that we are willing to share with others. The shadow archetype is the darker part of a person, the part that embraces what we view as frightening, hateful and even evil about ourselves – the part of us that we hide not only from others but also from ourselves. The anima is the feminine side of a males personality, which shows tenderness, caring, compassion and warmth to others, yet which is more irrational and based on emotions. The animus is the masculine side of a woman’s personality, the more rational and logical side of the woman. Jung posited that men often try to hide their anima both from others and from themselves because it goes against their idealized image of what men should be. According to Jung, these archetypes play a role in our interpersonal relationships. For example, the relationship between a man and a woman calls into play the archetypes in each individual’s collective unconscious. The anima helps the man to understand his female companion, just as the animus helps the woman to understand her male partners (PsychologyCampus. com, 2004). Jung distinguishes two differing attitudes to life, two ways of reacting to circumstances, which he finds so widespread that he could describe them as typical. The extraverted attitude, characterized by an outward personality, an interest in events, in people and things, a relationship with them, and a dependence on them. This type is motivated by outside factors and greatly influenced by the environment. The extraverted type is sociable and confident in unfamiliar surroundings. The introverted attitude, in contrast, is one of withdrawal of the personality and is concentrated upon personal factors, and their main influence is ‘inner needs’. When this attitude is habitual Jung speaks of an ‘introverted type’. This type lacks confidence in relation to people and things, tends to be unsociable, and prefers reflection to activity. This approach is especially helpful to clients that can remember their dreams and are either interested or troubled in them. They are often asked to keep a journal of their dreams and other impressions that they feel. When working with analytical psychology clients are expected to be as open, spontaneous, and self-observant as they can. Jungians will generally not use any formal assessment procedures while in therapy, and are not likely to diagnose problems. They take dreams very seriously and consider them central to establishing dialect between consciousness and unconsciousness. In a clinical setting, the helper will listen carefully to the client’s dreams and thoughts and intervene and identify important aspects that are noticed (Sommers-Flanagan, 2004). References Mitchell, G. (n. d. ). Carl jung & jungian analytical psychology. Retrieved from http://www. trans4mind. com/mind-development/jung. html PsychoHeresy Awareness Ministries, Initials. (n. d. ). Psychoheresy: c. g. jung’s legacy to the church. Retrieved from http://www. psychoheresy-aware. org/jungleg. html PsychologyCampus. com, Initials. (2004). Analytical psychology. Retrieved from http://www. psychologycampus. com/analytical-psychology. html Sommers-Flanagan, J & R. (2004). Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice. Retrieved from http://books. google. ca/books? id=BpzrBuSe0ikC&pg=PA128&lpg=PA128&dq=case+example+analytical+psychology&source=bl&ots=ANhhYx5RIS&sig=NdjE_dCewzWNnrxc3dL0sB28ZUo&hl=en&ei=VNG0TITqJYGCsQPzkKjsCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=falseÃ'Ž

Concept Application Project Essay

Throughout the semester I have explored many topics in sociology. While exploring these topics, three main theoretical perspectives were used. I will briefly illustrate each of the main theoretical perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic Interactionism. During this semester I have watched two films, Food Incorporated and The Vernon Johns Story. I will describe how a theoretical perspective is used in each of these examples. Then I will provide my own two examples where concepts and theoretical perspectives can be illustrated. My First example is the Boston Marathon Bombings and the second is the Mass Media’s coverage of the Boston Bombings. The Functionalist Perspective is a sociological perspective that emphasizes each part of society contributing to the survival of that society. In Sociology in Modules, they define the functionalists perspective as, â€Å"A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability (Schaefer 15). Read more:  Conflict Perspective on Social Media † The functionalist perspective can be compared to the human body model. Each part of the body performs specific tasks. For example, our legs allow us to walk or run and our lungs allow us to breathe. Without each and every body part, one simply cannot perform to the maximum potential. Now when a functionalist is looking at a society, they may see different social groups that contribute to a larger population. The Conflict Perspective is a sociological perspective that views the world as a constant struggle. In our textbook, Sociology in Modules, they define the conflict perspective as, â€Å"A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political representation (Schaefer 15). † There are many areas where conflict can arise in today’s society. Religious groups, political parties, and different social classes, may all have conflicting views with other or opposite groups. Examples of the conflict perspective include means of production versus labor and the concentration of wealth. In recent history, the conflict perspective is becoming more popular. With, â€Å"The widespread social unrest resulting from battles over civil rights, bitter divisions over the war in Vietnam, the rise of the feminist and gay liberation movements, the Watergate political scandal, urban riots, and confrontations at abortion clinics have offered support for the conflict approach (Schaefer 16). † Groups in society with different viewpoints often pose a great threat to conflicting parties. The Interactionist Perspective is the third main sociological perspective where the traditional way of thinking comes from typical human interaction between groups. Sociology in Modules defines the interactionist perspective as, â€Å"generalizations about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole (Schaefer 17). † The interactionist perspective is also know as symbolic interactionism. I believe it is much easier to look at it from a symbolic interactionism perspective because symbols are easier to understand. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, one may see the world we live in as full of objects. These objects can come on the form of people, places, things, thoughts, feelings, or symbols. Symbolic interactionism looks at these symbols to characterize groups by their symbol. Each symbol may be different. For example, a symbol could be the type of color of car you drive, what you wear to work or school everyday, or even tattoos. Groups in society are often characterized by their symbols. These symbols allow people with similar symbols to communicate with ease. Food Incorporated is a documentary film that portrays the corporate farming industry in the United States as unhealthy, harmful, abusive, and inhumane. Food Inc. the movie really gave me something to think about, it only reinforced my beliefs to eat healthy and support organic and free-range grass fed meats. The most meaningful thing to me was when one of the contributors said the corporate farming industry only wants to grow their products â€Å"bigger, fatter, cheaper, faster†. This agribusiness in only in it for the sake of business and they don’t see the other side. On the other side there are these products that are being mass-produced in factory farms. This seemingly only affects the lower class Americans who can only afford the cheapest of food products at the super market. From a financial standpoint, it only makes sense that people are forced to consume such low quality products at their demise. As the conflict theory would describe it, this is a constant struggle between the producer and the consumer. The producers are producing animal products in close quarter factory farms and feeding them corn, which is not a naturally occurring meal. Specifically cattle and chickens are given hormone shots to make them grown bigger, fatter, and faster. These farms do not treat the animals well at all. The animals live in horrible conditions, often times in their own manure. This causes disease to reach to food that eventually people eat. There are cases that come up all the time where products need to be pulled from the shelves in stores because of contaminated foods. The Vernon John’s story is a true story turned into a movie that portrays a Minister, Vernon John, who leads the African Americans in the fight for civil rights. This film demonstrated the development of social change in the south. First, the blacks do not measure up to the whites in social class. They often held position in social that were not important of looked down upon. For example, the position that Vernon John holds is viewed as a conflict by white law enforcement officials. During the early 1900s, Black Americans were being segregated from society. Secondly, During this time, African Americans were not recognized by society as having any value other than slavery. Race and ethnicity played a large role in society during this time. African American Racial groups formed and they were discriminated against. Vernon John is a leader of social change. He stepped up and faced the danger in speaking his views. The movie illustrates two great examples of hate crime in the 1920s. The first is when Vernon John was driving in his car late at night to bring a girl who had been raped to the hospital. The white policemen pulled Vernon John over and just antagonized him for no reason. Another example is when part of Vernon John’s church was set on fire. This was obviously planned by the white Americans out of hatred for Vernon Johns following and community. The blacks were heavily being discriminated against. Third, the government used force and power to exercise their will against Vernon John and the Black Americans. The movie demonstrates a great example of what goes on in society today. Although the United States may not be going through the exact same situation of discrimination as the 1900s, we are still facing sorts of discrimination and hate crimes today. Which leads me into my next example, the recent Boston Marathon bombings. The Boston Marathon bombings is an alleged terrorist attack that happened during the finish of the 2013 Boston Marathon. On April 15th, 2013, two Muslim brothers from Massachusetts detonated two explosives near the finish line of the Marathon, killing three people and injuring more than 200 people. The 2013 Boston Marathon Bombings display the conflict some people have with society. I am not in the head of the bombers or the investigators so I am only speaking from an outside perspective. With that being said, I cannot imagine what they were thinking when setting off these two explosions in front of thousands of people. From the suspects point of view, they must have seen the world from a conflict perspective. They must have believed that they didn’t fit into society. In a Wall Street Journal article, one suspect claims â€Å"he and his brother were angry about the U. S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and the killing of Muslims there† (Authorities Say Bomb Suspects Planned NYC Attack). My only guess is that their hatred for the United States is so fierce that they concluded in carrying out these horrible acts. It appears that other groups from over seas heavily influenced the suspects. This is just one example of how government, religion, and cultural differences can become conflicting in society. The mass media can influence the coverage of any story by the time it reaches the public. The mass media is defined by Sociology in Modules as, â€Å"print and electronic means of communication that carries messages to widespread audiences† (Schaefer 153). The leverage they have is huge in what information/sources they have and what they release. In the coverage of the Boston Bombings, the media helped the public understand of what precautions they should take around the threatened area. The media also helped people from across the country understand what was happening in Boston. In this case, I believe the media did a good job in providing accurate information to the public. However, this is not always the case. The conflict view states that gatekeeping can control what information reaches the public. For example the media can choose on which pieces of news to report on, leaving out specifics that could totally twist the story. They can also choose which sources they want to use which may also have an affect on the outcome of the story. Not all social classes have access to certain news sources. Many sources are behind a pay wall, which prohibits some potential viewers from accessing the information. The functionalist view would say that the mass media plays a role in society that keeps it moving forward. Sociology in Modules says, â€Å"the mass media is to occupy our leisure time—from newspaper comics and crossword puzzles to the latest music releases on the Internet. While that is true, the media have other important functions. They also socialize us, enforce social norms, confer status, and promote consumption† (Schaefer 154). This is all very true and it reinforces our viewpoints of the media. Overall, multiple theoretical perspectives can portray the mass media. Indeed, concepts and theoretical perspectives learned in class are used to illustrate events in society today. First, the example of the Vernon John’s story gives one the ability to see the upbringing of social change through the civil rights movement. The second example of the Food Inc. production is one that produces for profit without taking into consideration all the ethical and health needs of American citizens. Third, my example of the Boston Marathon Bombings illustrates conflict and hates crimes in our culture today. Lastly. The mass media acts as an agent between information and the public through print and electronic versions. The conflict and functionalists theoretical perspectives can be used to analyze the mass media. Therefore, social concepts and theoretical perspectives are used throughout the society we live in today. ? Works Cited â€Å"Authorities Say Bomb Suspects Planned NYC Attack. † WSJ. com. Associated Press, 26 Apr. 2013. Web. 26 Apr. 2013. Food, Inc. Dir. Robert Kenner. Movie One, 2008. DVD. Schaefer, Richard T. Sociology In Modules. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. McGrawHills Connect. Web. 4 Apr. 2013. The Vernon Johns Story. Dir. Kenneth Fink. 1994. DVD.

Gang Research Review Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gang Research Review - Term Paper Example and Meeker were able to find effective claims regarding the truth behind the reaction that the youth has on the changes happening in the society today. Truthfully, the world to which the youth grow up to today is a major presentation of worldwide liberation (458). A matter of concentration that is focused upon making amends as to how to teach the youngsters to be disciplined while actually let them live a life that they want is one of the highest concerns of the public today. Apparently, being born to a society of liberalization has made it harder for many youngsters today to actually see the real importance behind the truthful effects of freedom in their lives. No matter, the situation of the current society still suggests that there are still other reasons that could be pinpointed as to why and how gangs develop in the society. In the discussion that follows, one of the most important factors that brings about the possibility of gang developments in the society, peer pressure, shall be further discussed and clarified. The study of Cindy Ness (2004) on Why Girls Fight gives an evident source of understanding as to how and why gangs are receiving a warm welcome among the young communities today. According to this study, the researchers in the past felt that they had it all figured out. They had intently examined 200 children from their infancy through adolescence. They analyzed the parents, the home environment and the disposition of each child. Then they predicted which of these children would become happy adults. It seemed simple—a happy childhood under a pleasant family environment would produce a happy adult. After waiting till the children became 30 years of age, they re-interviewed them. This interview showed how girls and boys differ in their views towards their peers and how they view the acceptance given to them by the group they ought to belong to. (33) In connection with the study of Jodi Lane and James Meeker’s Fear of Gang Crimes, Cindy

Tourism, leisure, culture, society, polities Essay

Tourism, leisure, culture, society, polities - Essay Example However, it should be noted that tourism bears hazardous effect on the environment and cultural authenticity due to a mass flow of people irrespective of the local traditions and rites to be taken care of. First and foremost, tourism is a result of consumerism. It deals with a set of services people have at their disposal for a particular amount of money. There is a pitfall for everyone thinking of solely positive effect of tourism worldwide. Hence, capitalist preferences drive many tourists to consume more than ever before compared to their own locations. In its turn, the financial issue is one of the most significant drives in choices made by tourists (Haan, 2008). That is to say, tourism and consumerism are close in their practical meaning with landscape as the main medium of attraction for tourists (Aitchison, MacLeod, & Shaw, 2001). Hence, it is indicative of many people to be troublemakers instead of normal tourists, as they intrude into the milieu of the cultural and ethnical diversity taken care of by locals with no excuse at all. As long as they are driven by the idea of their right for letting loose in accordance with money they spent for such a pleasure, they feel like they have already covered all expenses. Besides, there is a clear distinction between tourism and travelling. Andrews (2011) admits in his study that tourism does more harm to the environment than travelling, as the former touches upon invasion, pollution, and narrow-mindedness while the latter is characterized by discovery, understanding, intelligence, adventures, and broad-mindedness. By and large, tourism is a mark of a person’s identity looking at the places one visits and the services one prefers most of all with an idea of possible cultural merge in mind (Weiermair & Mathies, 2004). It is all about the financial substantiality of individuals. Thus, as long as a tourist pays for a tour along with providing a definite

Firewall Technology (Network Security) Research Paper

Firewall Technology (Network Security) - Research Paper Example Security requirements have substantially changed recently. Traditionally, securing a system was provided by preventing access (physical and ethically) to the secure system. However, with the introduction of computer technology, there was a need to develop automated security appliances for protecting the network and data of an organization. Due to vast rise in threats, vulnerabilities, hacking and cyber crimes, firewalls become mandatory as the first choice to implement for securing the network and data for every computer network. Firewalls Computer Security is the general term for a set of resources designed to help protect data and ruin the efforts of hackers. Moreover, it is a set of measures to protect data during transmission over a set of interconnected computer systems. Hence, security is a set measures for deterrence, prevention, detection and correction of security threats that can damage or divulge information either locally or when transmitted. Hence, certain security mecha nisms that are designed to detect, prevent and restore security after an attack. Consequently, many network appliances are invented to secure a network. The most popular network security appliance that is used in almost every small or corporate network to provide security is a firewall. Firewall is defined as â€Å"a combination of hardware, software, and procedures that controls access to an intranet. Firewalls help to control the information that passes between an intranet and the Internet. A firewall can be simple or complex, depending on how an organization decides to control its Internet traffic. It may, for example, be established to limit Internet access to e-mail only, so that no other types of information can pass between the intranet and the Internet† (Firewall.2007). Firewalls are network security devices that are categorized in hardware-based firewalls and software-based firewalls. The hardware-based firewalls are more secure, as they are not dependent on the oper ating system. On the other hand, software-based firewalls are dependent on the operating system that may demonstrate risks. The choice from these options depends on the cost as well. However, a full features firewall may protect the computer network from hackers or cyber criminals. It will detect, block and quarantine viruses and malicious codes that tries to enter in the network. Moreover, configuration on the local area network demonstrates a graphical user interface to ensure that each preventive measure is active and running (Agnitum outpost persona firewall pro 2.0.2004). Benefits Constant monitoring of security is achievable via a firewall implementation. As all modifications and logs are stored in a firewall, that are divergent of distribution on hosts on the network. Firewall also provides the protocol-filtering capability as it filters protocols and services associated with them in order to secure them from exploitation. Moreover, firewall hides inbound communication of the network from the outbound network that is also called a wide area network (ADVANTAGES OF FIREWALL). Furthermore, the use of computer networks and communication lines require protecting data during transmission. In addition, firewalls also provide centralized management for the network. This is an ultimate advantage for the network security staff within an organization as the management and

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 63

Reflection - Essay Example in it, this section aims at exploring the issues that I found confronting and/or surprising, the extent to which I was persuaded and why, and the new things I learned from Session 21 that I have not thought about before. One of the things that I found quite challenging is the extent to which many stakeholders are ignored by their own systems of administration as they allow corporations to take over natural resources, which, as I understand now, cannot have a price tag on them. This is based on the fact that we ignore the damage that we inflict upon them today, but hardly do we even examine the damage that we do to the future of these resources and coming human generations. The ignorance demonstrated by both governments, which have been put in the corporations, and the corporations, which look to make nothing but profits, is quite confronting. For instance, dumping animal remains in rivers and never minding to clean them up and evicting families from fertile land, where they survive, just to make a dam for water meant for sale is quite disheartening (Merin Para 4, 5). What surprised me, however, is how we all think that we are not affected because we are so far away from Bolivia, Lesotho, China, and many other affected areas, little do we know of the globally extensive impacts that continue to haunt us today. The perceptions developed in the movie are extremely captivating and greatly convincing for anyone that cares about other people, as opposed to those who are only driven by self-interest, and anyone who cares about natural resources, especially water. Even those who are driven by self-interest should now, after reflecting on this session of even watching the film, be persuaded. One of the reasons I did not take much efforts to persuade me is the fact that I am personally affected by the continued privatization of water resources, which should never have a price on them. I have considered with the amount of money I spend on water every day and decided that the

Impact of Technology in War Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Impact of Technology in War - Term Paper Example Historical findings denoted that ancient mechanisms of handling war and the materials derived complications deterred the desired prompt confrontation, aggression, and combating of enemies in the battlefields. However, the advancement in technology led to the development of machineries that eased transportation of military equipment and personnel with increased convenience and accessibility to the war fields. The development of the wheel marked the advent ease in logistics. Since then, human societies developed engines and which further symbolized their application in locomotives to the currently used trucks, jetfighters, and military helicopters among others. Through the development of the engine, militarization advanced accordingly as nations converted the technology to power sophisticated weapons such as long-range missiles, atomic bombs, and rockets launchers in warships (Thompson 48). Similarly, technology poses as the origin of increased rate intelligence among nations, and comm unication among allied and enemy nations in their militaries. The history of plane carriers and airships dates back to the 1880s. However, research establishes that the First World War implemented a new outlook on improvisation of war machineries to confront enemies at a large scale as global powers engaged into war. The 1914-1918 war involved European nations, which varied and disagreed on policies and their overseas interests. These factors resulted to increased tensions among the nations, and experts subsequently engaged in innovation and development of weapons to ensure defensive against their unprecedented enemies who also indulged in production of weapons. Eventually, the nations entered... Adolf Hitler, one of the world’s ruthless dictators from Germany devised a technological aircraft with the ideology that he could suppress the advancing eastern allies. This was in 1944 during the Second World War when the European allied nations of capitalists strategized and engaged on a retaliatory battle the German soldiers drive out of their territories and possibly disintegrate the country’s power to a nutshell. German engaged on unprecedented aggression in the European nations and had won incredibly over the unpreparedness of the preys thus weakening confrontation and broadening its boundaries. The battle advanced to France, Belgium, and Spain and with such success, Hitler perceived that he could possibly suppress and bring the United Kingdom under his dictatorial regime. The desired plans hit an end after the toppled powers reorganized their armies and allied with the UK and U.S.A to attack the German side.The allied troops of the capitalist European nations man aged to engage in a successful battle that suppressed the German troops to Rome, the city of Italy. During this time, Hitler engaged on an alternative approach to tackle the aggressing allied troops who fought on land and simultaneously conducted air strikes to diminish the power of the Germany completely. Mainly, the airstrikes conducted by the eastern frontier targeted weaponry manufacturing industries in German as it was the only way the countries could diminish the level at which the Nazis could retaliate during the rebellious retreat.

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Accounting - Assignment Example Prepare the entries on Pierson Co.s books related to the transactions that occurred on January 10, February 12, and March 10. If Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a credit balance of $2,100 in the trial balance, journalize the adjusting entry at December 31, assuming bad debts are expected to be (1) 1% of net sales, and (2) 10% of accounts receivable. If Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a debit balance of $200 in the trial balance, journalize the adjusting entry at December 31, assuming bad debts are expected to be (1) 0.75% of net sales and (2) 6% of accounts receivable. Credit terms are 2/10, n/30. At March 31, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts has a credit balance of $1,200 prior to adjustment. The company uses the percentage-of-receivables basis for estimating uncollectible accounts. The companys estimate of bad debts is as follows. At December 31, 2009, Braddock Company had a balance of $15,000 in the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. During 2010, Braddock wrote off accounts totaling $13,000. One of those accounts ($1,800) was later collected. At December 31, 2010, an aging schedule indicated that the balance in the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts should be $19,000. On December 31, 2010, Jarnigan Co. estimated that 2% of its net sales of $400,000 will become uncollectible. The company recorded this amount as an addition to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. On May 11, 2011, Jarnigan Co. determined that Terry Fryes account was uncollectible and wrote off $1,100. On June 12, 2011, Fryes paid the amount previously written off. On March 3, Cornwell Appliances sells $680,000 of its receivables to Marsh Factors Inc. Marsh Factors assesses a finance charge of 3% of the amount of receivables sold. Prepare the entry on Cornwell Appliances books to record the sale of the receivables. (For multiple debit/credit entries, list amounts from largest to

The Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing and Economic Perspectives Research Paper

The Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing and Economic Perspectives - Research Paper Example The article presented measurements of methane gas emissions reportedly from the production of natural gas in 190 locations within the United States. As disclosed, the information collected and revealed could be used by policymakers regarding natural gas production and use. The authors, therefore, expounded on topics which included well completion flowback; unloadings; well sites in routine production; as well as implications for national emission estimates. The article is therefore replete with technicalities pertinent to emission measurements. The current discourse requiring updates for Gasland could use the information regarding the number of locations where natural gas production was reported. The list of credible and authoritative sources used as support could also be a source for further studies and evaluation on the subject. The authors explored and presented the effects, specifically health impacts, of gas drilling on animals and their owners, through the results on an intervi ew method with their owners within areas where gas drilling have been identified. Specific cases were explicitly presented to illustrate the scope of the impact on human and animal health. Likewise, it was revealed that factors including non-disclosure agreements signed between the drilling corporations and injured individuals have apparently precluded appropriate documentation of the alleged contamination. The article would, therefore, be beneficial in the current research to provide support to updates regarding the Gasland incident. Likewise, viable recommendations could also be used to augment current proposals to address the dilemma.

Experimental in science Essay Example for Free

Experimental in science Essay Experiment One: A researcher wanted to test the effect of caffeine on sleep. Fifty students volunteered to participate in the study and signed up for one of two nights. Thirty-three students participated on Tuesday night. They each were given two cups of regular coffee to drink one hour before going to sleep. Seventeen students participated on Wednesday night. They each were given two cups of decaffeinated coffee to drink one hour before going to sleep. Each student was monitored with an EEG (a test that looks at brain function) to record exactly when they fell asleep. Students in the caffeine group took significantly longer to fall asleep. The researcher concluded that caffeine interferes with the ability to fall asleep. 1. What was the independent variable for Experiment One? 2. What was the dependent variable for Experiment One? 3. What components of the experiment were set up properly? 4. How could Experiment One be improved? Experiment Two: A researcher wanted to determine if a new anti-anxiety drug decreased anxiety levels. Three hundred patients were given the new drug and three hundred patients were given a placebo (also known as a â€Å"sugar pill† that does not contain any medicine). All of the patients were told they were receiving the new drug and were monitored for six months. At the end of the six months, all of the patient information was analyzed and the researcher concluded that because the patients given the placebo indicated the same reduction in anxiety as the patients given the new drug, the new drug was ineffective in decreasing anxiety levels. 5. What was the independent variable for Experiment Two? 6. What was the dependent variable for Experiment Two? 7. What components of the experiment were set up properly? 8. How could Experiment Two be improved? 9. Describe how a variable was NOT controlled in one of the two experiments. How might this have impacted the results?

Cultural Competency In Health Service Management

Cultural Competency In Health Service Management Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 3.0 Elements and principles of cultural competency and its relation to Health Service Management. Pleasing customers societies and supporting mutual relationships Governance and responsibility for continued change Building on powers A mutual accountability 4.0 Policies and Guildline in relation to health service and details on Health Service Management. 5.0 Evidence of knowledge about how the elements and principles of cultural competency indicated in Criteria 3 and 4 relate to health consumers 6.0 Ability to identify what is needed to ensure ‘culturally/socially safe’ professional practice for both the health professional and health consumer 7.0 Ability to identify a number of ways that your health profession can ensure to provide culturally safe health services (approx. 200 250 words) 8.0 Conclusion 9.0 References 1.0 Introduction The report would focus on different aspects cultural competency in health care. The main area on which the report would give insight is the Health Service Management. Some points around principles of cultural competency and how these are relevant in Health Service Management. The report would look at NHMRC guidelines. Different Ways in which culturally safe health services can be provided would be discussed in this report in addition to the details on what is culturally and socially safe’ professional practice. 2.0 Relevance and Relationship between culture/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and cultural competence related to Health Service Management. Socioeconomic has a direct impact on health. Cultural competence with regards to health care defines the capability of structures to offer care to patients with various cultures, principles and actions, including modifying distribution to see patients’ communal, cultural, and verbal requirements. Cultural competence is a way with which quality care can be provided to all the patients and even helpful to business growth. From health service management point both the above reasons are equally important and proper emphasis should be given to business grown, but at the same time the basic needs of patients should not be sacrificed. Understanding Ethnicity is critical to understanding the health care which would be required. A People belonging to a special type of ethnicity might need higher care from health service management.It is quite evident that the socioeconomic condition determines the health related consequences more than ethnicity (Egede, L. 2006). When the socioeconomic condition is better than in most of the cases the culture and race effect might not be that significant. Still, there is a relationship between cultural competence and socioeconomic status along with ethnicity. It is required by health service management to understand this relationship so that they can provide the patients the help which is required. 3.0 Elements and principles of cultural competency and its relation to Health Service Management. Culture is a mixture of knowledge, belief and behavior. The principle of cultural competency and its relevance in health service management are listed below: Pleasing customers societies and supporting mutual relationships This principle is very important in Heath service management and in this case it is Health service management people should understand the customers which are patients. Governance and responsibility for continued change The Health Service Managers should show accountability on the decisions with regards to different health plans (Hayes, M. 2010). The Health Service Manager should be ready to implement changes which would be beneficial to the patients and the health care centres which they handle. Building on powers Identify the public, identify what works The Health Service Management should try to understand the community in which they operate. They have to get the information on what would work best for the people in that community and should work toward achieving what is required in that community. Health Service Management should know the problems they face in the community regarding the health in that area. A mutual accountability Generating partnerships along with sustainability Health service management should work towards continued partnership with other health institutes to sustain the improvement of health service and care in that particular location. 4.0 Policies and Guildline in relation to health service and details on Health Service Management. There are different policies and guidelines set up by NHMRC in regards to cultural competency. Some of these are around National focus. In addition, there should be a focus on complement the existing work which is already being done. The guidelines mention that there should be a generic approach and not confined to some specific group. It should be applied to everyone rather than to a specific group of people (Public health, 1915). Even for Health service management these guidelines are very critical as there are different type of people who require health plans and health care. So any decision taken should be keeping in view a generic approach as there are different cultured people involved. The other guideline defines 4 domains model for any actions which involves organization, systemic, individual and professional (L Leavitt, R. 2015). The health service provider should work to provide improved living with a better environment. There should be a proper research done in the area an d even the feedback of the patients should be taken to improve the services by the health care center this can be done by the health service management. Public health research should be considered to take decisions on improving to be done in this area. Expert option should be considered while implementing any changes by the health care service management. 5.0 Evidence of knowledge about how the elements and principles of cultural competency indicated in Criteria 3 and 4 relate to health consumers The idea of cultural competency has a beneficial outcome on patient consideration conveyance by empowering suppliers to convey administrations that are deferential of and receptive to the well being convictions, hones and social and etymological needs of differing patient (Scientific Research and Social Well-being, 1938)s. Cultural competency is basic to lessening well being variations and enhancing access to amazing health awareness, human services that is deferential of and receptive to the needs of differing patients (Health and safety awareness, 2001). At the point when created and actualized as a structure, social capability empowers frameworks, offices, and gatherings of experts to capacity adequately to comprehend the needs of gatherings getting to well being data and human services or taking an interest in examination in a comprehensi ve organization where the supplier and the client of the data meet on shared opinion. This cultural competence advantages shoppers, partners, and groups and backings positive well being results. Since various components can impact well being correspondence including practices, dialect, traditions, convictions, and viewpoints social skill is additionally basic for accomplishing exactness in medicinal exploration (Weick, 1980). Lack of foresight in therapeutic examination, arranging that does consider standards of social fitness, may yield incorrect results (Silk, 2007). It requires a dynamic methodology of learning and creating abilities to draw in viably in diverse circumstances and re-assessing these aptitudes over the long run. 6.0 Ability to identify what is needed to ensure ‘culturally/socially safe’ professional practice for both the health professional and health consumer The idea of safe health services includes strengthening of the human services specialist and the patient. The determinants of safe consideration are characterized by the beneficiary of consideration. These are interest, assurance and organization. Significance is put on recognizing and assessing ones own particular convictions and values and perceiving the potential for these to effect on others. Dispersal of social security information and practice is increasing. This idea gives acknowledgment of the lists of force characteristic in any collaboration and the potential for difference and disparity inside any relationship. Affirmation by the human services specialist that burden they could call their own social convictions may weakness the beneficiary of health awareness is crucial to the conveyance of socially safe consideration. This sheet places social wellbeing toward the end of a continuum that starts with social mindfulness and advances through social affectability and social competency. So as to be of prompt utilization to forefront health awareness suppliers, it is important that the dynamic thought of social security to an exceptionally individual and useful level by depicting distinctive situations in which socially mindful, touchy, equipped, and safe practices are added to improve human services administrations and patient results. The general objective is to treat individuals with nobility and admiration to guarantee they will feel acknowledged and safe from separation in medicinal services situations. 7.0 Ability to identify a number of ways that your health profession can ensure to provide culturally safe health services (approx. 200 250 words) The idea of safe health services includes strengthening of the human services specialist and the patient. The determinants of safe consideration are characterized by the beneficiary of consideration. These are interest, assurance and organization. Significance is put on recognizing and assessing ones own particular convictions and values and perceiving the potential for these to effect on others. Dispersal of social security information and practice is increasing. This idea gives acknowledgment of the lists of force characteristic in any collaboration and the potential for difference and disparity inside any relationship. Affirmation by the human services specialist that burden they could call their own social convictions may weakness the beneficiary of health awareness is crucial to the conveyance of socially safe consideration (Chatfield, 1983). This sheet places social wellbeing toward the end of a continuum that starts with social mindfulness and advances through social affectability and social competency. So as to be of prompt utilization to forefront health awareness suppliers, it is important that the dynamic thought of social security to an exceptionally individual and useful level by depicting distinctive situations in which socially mindful, touchy, equipped, and safe practices are added to improve human services administrations and patient results. The general objective is to treat individuals with nobility and admiration to guarantee they will feel acknowledged and safe from separation in medicinal services situations. 8.0 Conclusion Cultural competency is characterized just as the level of learning based aptitudes needed to give viable clinical consideration to patients from a specific ethnic or racial gathering (PHYSICAL APTITUDES, 1926). It means administrations, bolsters or other support that are led or gave in a way that is receptive to the convictions, interpersonal styles, demeanor, dialect and practices of people who are getting services, and in a way that has the best probability of guaranteeing their greatest investment in the project Cultural competency incorporates: Attaining the information, abilities, and mentality to empower chairmen and experts inside arrangement of consideration to give compelling consideration to various populaces, i.e., to work inside the individuals qualities and reality conditions. Social ability recognizes and fuses change in regularizing satisfactory practices, convictions and values in deciding an individuals mental wellbeing/ailment, and consolidating those variables into evaluation and treatment. 9.0 References Egede, L. (2006). Race, ethnicity, culture, and disparities in health care.J Gen Intern Med,21(6), 667-669. Hayes, M. (2010). Retrieved 25 April 2015, from http://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Pubs/631013.pdf L Leavitt, R. (2015). Developing Cultural Competence in a Multicultural World, Parts 1 2 .Retrieved from http://learningcenter.apta.org/ Chatfield, M. (1983). Management of Health Services. Health Care Management Review, 8(4), 90 Health and safety awareness. (2001). In Practice, 23(5), 297-297. PHYSICAL APTITUDES. (1926). JAMA: The Journal Of The American Medical Association, 86(13), 953. Public health. (1915). Public Health, 29, 147. Scientific Research and Social Well-being. (1938). Nature, 142(3589), 304-304. Silk, J. (2007). Social Components of Fitness in Primate Groups. Science, 317(5843), 1347-1351 Weick, K. (1980). The analysis of social skill. Psyccritiques, 25(11). 1

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

The Great Gatsby   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone wants to be successful in life, but most often people take the wrong ways to get there. In the1920’s the American Dream was something that everyone strived to have. Having a family, money, a big house, and a car meant that someone had succeeded in life. A very important aspect was money, and success was determined greatly by it. This was not true in all cases however. Jay Gatsby was a poor boy who turned into a very wealthy man, but did he live the American Dream? Money is actually the only thing that Gatsby had a lot of. Jay Gatsby tries to live the life of The American Dream, but fails in his battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From his early years Gatsby has his eye one Daisy and throughout his life he is deeply in love with her, but he never marries or even has a life with her. Another one of Gatsby’s goals in life was to be an extremely successful, just like his model Dan Cody, but that plan ends up failing as well. As a part of what Dan Cody taught him, Gatsby attempted to go into business with a man named Meyer Wolfsheim, but failed at that also. For such a long time Gatsby has had his eye on Daisy and has been in love with her, but this does not develop. Gatsby has always gazed at the green light on Daisy’s porch. Jordan Baker says, â€Å"Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be across the bay.† The color green is traditionally a symbol of hop and youth and that is what Gatsby is hoping to find beyond it. When Gatsby and Daisy meet, he tells her about how he has watched the green light that burns at the end of her dock. For so long that light has been a symbol of his dream, of something he has wanted more than life itself. Gazing at it so much, Gatsby must have believed that if he could only have Daisy he would be eternally happy. In chapter four he suddenly has her and the light is just a light again. It doesn’t seem that Daisy could ever be as wonderful as Gatsby’s dream of her. Dreams, sadly for Gatsby are most often longed for rather than made a reality. Gatsby never ends up getting with Daisy his shining star in life, much of what he lived for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his younger years, Gatsby worked on the south shore of Lake Superior earning room and board by digging clams and fishing for salmon. One day he saw the beautiful yacht of the millionaire Dan Cody and borrowe... ..., D. Melvin. 1992. Response of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alfalfa Cultivans to Salinity During Germination and Post-Germination Growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crop Science 32(4): 976. Bliquees, Gul. 1999. Effect of salinity. light, and temperature on germination in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allenrolfea occidentalis. Canadian Journal of Botany 77(2): 240-247. Foderano, Margaret and I.A. Ungar. 1997. Growth and survival of polygonum aviculare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  L. at a brine-contaminated site in Southeastern Ohio. The American Midland   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Naturalist 138(1): 140-152. Mills A H., J. B. Jones , K. H Tan, L. S Hardnan. 1997. Salts and Plant Nutrition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Journal of Plant Nutrition 22(12): 1905-1920. Poljahoff-Mayler, A., G.F. Somers, E. Werker, J.L. Gallager. 1994. Seeds of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kostelstzlsya virginica: Germination and salt tolerance. American Journal of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Botany 81(1): 54. Ungar, I. A. 1996. Effect of salinity on seed germination, growth, and ion accumulation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of Atrplex patula. American Journal of Botany 83(5): 60-65.

Essay on the Gift of Life in Shakespeares Sonnet 16 -- Sonnet essays

The Precious Gift of Life Revealed in Sonnet 16 Throughout literature authors attempt to control the passage of time through their works. In William Shakespeare's "Sonnet 16" he addresses this subject through the use of literary devices. These devices indicate how the progress of seasons cannot be controlled by words alone. The passing of time is displayed through paradox and imagery, but it is overcome by the ceaseless life of progeny, unlike the feeble words of Shakespeare's sonnet. Change and age help determine time. Shakespeare uses paradox to help convey change and relate it to the past. He says to "fortify yourself in your decay," (3) which tells the reader that a stronger being and a stronger state of remembrance should be attained before death. Though Shakespeare attempts to endure time with verse, his sonnet alone is not worthy enough to withstand the future. A paradox in the couplet shows how to achieve this state of eternal life by "giv[ing] away yourself keeps yourself still" (13). To achieve ...

Pie 123

1. External  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger  rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. C. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. remains  constant. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 2. Internal  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger. C. rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 3. External  economies  of  scale A. ay  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. tends  to  result  in  one  huge   monopoly. D. tends  to  result  in  large  profits  for  each  firm. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 4. Internal  economies  of  scale A. may  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. are  associated  only  with  sophisticated  products  such  as  aircraft. D. cannot  form  the  basis  for  international  trade  . E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 5. A  monopolistic  firm A. an  sell  as  much  as  it  wants  for  any  price  it  determines  in  the  market. B. cannot  determine  the  price,  which  is  determined  by  consumer  demand. C. will  never  sell  a  product  whose  demand  is  inelastic  at  the  quantity  sold. D. cannot  sell  additional  quantity  unless  it  raises  the  price  on  eac h  unit. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 7 6. Monopolistic  competition  is  associated  with A. cut-throat  price  competition. B. product  differentiation. C. explicit  consideration  at  firm  level  of  the  feedback  effects  of  other  firms' pricing  decisions. D. high  profit  margins. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 29.Two  countries  engaged  in  trade  in  products  with  no  scale  economies,  produced under  conditions  of  perfect  competition,  are  likely  to  be  engaged  in A. monopolistic  competition. B. inter-industry  trade. C. intra-industry  trade. D. Heckscher-Ohlin  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 19. A  monopoly  firm  engaged  in  international  trade  will A. equate  average  to  local  costs. B. equate  marginal  costs  with  foreign  marginal  revenues. C. equate  marginal  costsà ‚  with  the  highest  price  the  market  will  bear. D. equate  marginal  costs  with  marginal  revenues  in  both  domestic  and  in foreign  markets. E. None  of  the  above.Answer:  D 9. Where  there  are  economies  of  scale,  the  scale  of  production  possible  in  a  country is  constrained  by A. the  size  of  the  country. B. the  size  of  the  trading  partner's  country. C. the  size  of  the  domestic  market. D. the  size  of  the  domestic  plus  the  foreign  market. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D Brown field : , Green field : 21. A  firm  in  monopolistic  competition A. earns  positive  monopoly  profits  because  each  sells  a  differentiated product. B. earns  positive  oligopoly  profits  because  each  firm  sells  a  differentiated product.C. earns  zero  econ omic  profits  because  it  is  in  perfectly  or  pure  competition. D. earns  zero  economic  profits  because  of  free  entry. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 16. International  trade  based  on  scale  economies  is  likely  to  be  associated  with A. Ricardian  comparative  advantage. B. comparative  advantage  associated  with  Heckscher-Ohlin  factor- proportions. C. comparative  advantage  based  on  quality  and  service. D. comparative  advantage  based  on  diminishing  returns. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  E ———————————————Ch7———————————————- . The  effective  rate  of  protection  measures A. the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"true†Ã‚  ad  valorum  v alue  of  a  tariff. B. the  quota  equivalent  value  of  a  tariff. C. the  efficiency  with  which  the  tariff  is  collected  at  the  customhouse. D. the  protection  given  by  the  tariff  to  domestic  value  added. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 1. Specific  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  specific  legal  statutes. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. C. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. D. the  same  as  import  quotas. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B . Ad  valorem  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  ads  in  industry  publications. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. A. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. B. the  same  as  import  quotas C. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C The  main  redistribution  effect  of  a  tariff  is  the  transfer  of  income  from A. domestic  producers  to  domestic  buyers. B. domestic  buyers  to  domestic  producers. C. domestic  producers  to  domestic  government. D. domestic  government  to  domestic  consumers. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 21.Which  of  the  following  policies  permits  a  specified  quantity  of  goods  to  be imported  at  one  tariff  rate  and  a  higher  tariff  rate  to  imports  above  this  quantity? A. Import  tariff B. Voluntary  exports  restraint C. Tariff  quota D. Ad  valorum  tariff E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 22. Should  the  home  country  be  Ã¢â‚¬Å"large†Ã‚  relative  to  its  trade  partners,  its  imposition  of a  tariff  on  imports  would  lead  to  an  increase  in  domestic  welfare  if  the  terms  of the  trade  rectangle  exceed  the  sum  of  the A. revenue  effect  plus  redistribution  effect. B. protective  effect  plus  revenue  effect. C. consumption  effect  plus  redistribution  effect.D. protective  distortion  effect  plus  consumption  distortion  effect. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D An import quota: Is always more costly to a country than an import tariff. Has the same effects on welfare as an import tariff. Generates rents that might go to foreigners. Is always less costly to a country than an import tariff. -> -> ? ? ——————————-Ch9————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 27. The  imperfect  capital  market  justification  for  infant  industry  promotion A. Assumes  that  new  industries  will  tend  to  have  low  profits. B.Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  soon  mature. C. Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  be  in  products  of  comparative advantage. D. Assumes  that  banks  can  allocate  resources  efficiently. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 2. Sophisticated  theoretical  arguments  supporting  import-substitution  policies include A. Terms  of  trade  effects. B. Scale  economy  arguments. C. Learning  curve  considerations. D. The  problem  of  appropriability. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 14. Which  industrialization  policy  used  by  developing  countries  places  emphasis  on the  comparative  advantage  principle  as  a  guide  to  resource  allocation? A. Export  promotion.B. Import  substitution. C. International  commodity  agreements. D. Infant  Industry  promotion. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 1. The  infant  industry  argument  was  an  important  theoretical  basis  for A. Neo-colonialist  theory  of  international  exploitation. B. Import  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  substituting  industrialization. C. Historiography  of  the  industrial  revolution  in  Western  Europe. D. East-Asian  miracle. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 6. The  wage  differential  theory  which  argued  that  shifting  resources  from  agriculture to  manufacturing  entailed  positive  social  benefits  implied  that A. Free  trade  policies  would  promote  competitiveness. B.Free  trade  policies  would  promote  economic  growth  for  both  static  and dynamic  reasons. C. Protectionism  was  likel y  to  lead  to  economic  stagnation. D. Protectionism  and  import  substitution  was  likely  to  promote  economic growth. Answer:  D 12. Which  trade  strategy  have  developing  countries  used  to  restrict  imports  of manufactured  goods  so  that  the  domestic  market  is  preserved  for  home  producers, who  thus  can  take  over  markets  already  established  in  the  country? A. International  commodity  agreement. B. Export  promotion. C. Multilateral  contract. D. Import  substitution. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 18. Import  substitution  policies  make  use  ofA. Tariffs  that  discourage  goods  from  entering  a  country. B. Quotas  applied  to  goods  that  are  shipped  abroad. C. Production  subsidies  granted  to  industries  with  comparative  advantage. D. Tax  breaks  granted  to  i ndustries  with  comparative  advantage. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 25. The  infant  industry  argument  is  that A. Comparative  advantage  is  irrelevant  to  economic  growth B. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  agricultural  goods. C. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  manufacturing. D. Developing  countries  have  a  potential  comparative  advantage  in manufacturing. E. None  of  the  above.Answer:  D 26. The  infant  industry  argument  calls  for  active  government  involvement A. Only  if  the  government  forecasts  are  accurate. B. Only  if  some  market  failure  can  be  identified. C. Only  if  the  industry  is  not  one  already  dominated  by  industrial  countries. D. Only  if  the  industry  has  a  high  value  added. E. None  of  t he  above. Answer:  B 30. Import  substitution  policies  have  over  time  tended  to  involve  all  but  the  following A. Overlapping  import  quotas. B. Exchange  controls. C. Domestic  content  rules. D. Simple  tariffs. E. Multiple  exchange  rate  schemes. Answer:  D 35. The  HPAE  (High  Performance  Asian  Economies)  countriesA. Have  all  consistently  supported  free  trade  policies. B. Have  all  consistently  maintained  import-substitution  policies. C. Have  all  consistently  maintained  non-biased  efficient  free  capital  markets . D. Have  all  maintained  openness  to  international  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D ================================ch11========================== 1. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  incomeà ‚  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  Pakistan  and India  fall  under? A.Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Pakistan  and  India  fall  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 2. While  many  developing  countries  have  reformed  their  economies  in  order  to imitate  the  success  of  the  successful  industrial  economies,  the  process  remains incomplete  and  most  developing  countries  tend  to  be  characterized  by  all  of  the following  except: A. Seigniorage B. Control  of  capital  movements  by  limiting  foreign  exchange  transactions connected  with  trade  in  assets. C. Use  of  natural  resources  or  agricultural  commodities  as  an  important  share of  expo rts.D. A  worse  job  of  directing  savings  toward  their  most  efficient  investment uses. E. Reduced  corruption  and  poverty  due  to  limited  underground  markets. Answer:  E 4. Compared  with  industrialized  economies,  most  developing  countries  are  poor  in the  factors  of  production  essential  to  modern  industry:  These  factors  are A. capital  and  skilled  labor B. capital  and  unskilled  labor C. fertile  land  and  unskilled  labor D. fertile  land  and  skilled  labor E. water  and  capital Answer:  A 5. The  main  factors  that  discourage  investment  in  capital  and  skills  in  developing countries  are: A. olitical  instability,  insecure  property  rights B. political  instability,  insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies C. political  instability,  misguided  economicà ‚  policies D. political  instability E. insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies Answer:  B 6. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  sub-Saharan Africa  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E.Sub-Saharan  Africa  falls  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 7. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  mainland China  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income Answer:  B 8. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies.What  category  would  the  smaller Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Smaller  Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  between  low  income and  lower  middle  income Answer:  D 9. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Saudi Arabia  falls  under? A. Low-income B.Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Saudi  Arabia  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income economies Answer:  B 10. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Turkey falls  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Turkey  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income  economiesAnswer:  B 11. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  uppe r middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Poland, Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Poland,  Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  between  low income  and  lower  middle  income  economies Answer:  B Pie 123 1. External  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger  rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. C. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. remains  constant. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 2. Internal  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger. C. rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 3. External  economies  of  scale A. ay  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. tends  to  result  in  one  huge   monopoly. D. tends  to  result  in  large  profits  for  each  firm. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 4. Internal  economies  of  scale A. may  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. are  associated  only  with  sophisticated  products  such  as  aircraft. D. cannot  form  the  basis  for  international  trade  . E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 5. A  monopolistic  firm A. an  sell  as  much  as  it  wants  for  any  price  it  determines  in  the  market. B. cannot  determine  the  price,  which  is  determined  by  consumer  demand. C. will  never  sell  a  product  whose  demand  is  inelastic  at  the  quantity  sold. D. cannot  sell  additional  quantity  unless  it  raises  the  price  on  eac h  unit. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 7 6. Monopolistic  competition  is  associated  with A. cut-throat  price  competition. B. product  differentiation. C. explicit  consideration  at  firm  level  of  the  feedback  effects  of  other  firms' pricing  decisions. D. high  profit  margins. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 29.Two  countries  engaged  in  trade  in  products  with  no  scale  economies,  produced under  conditions  of  perfect  competition,  are  likely  to  be  engaged  in A. monopolistic  competition. B. inter-industry  trade. C. intra-industry  trade. D. Heckscher-Ohlin  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 19. A  monopoly  firm  engaged  in  international  trade  will A. equate  average  to  local  costs. B. equate  marginal  costs  with  foreign  marginal  revenues. C. equate  marginal  costsà ‚  with  the  highest  price  the  market  will  bear. D. equate  marginal  costs  with  marginal  revenues  in  both  domestic  and  in foreign  markets. E. None  of  the  above.Answer:  D 9. Where  there  are  economies  of  scale,  the  scale  of  production  possible  in  a  country is  constrained  by A. the  size  of  the  country. B. the  size  of  the  trading  partner's  country. C. the  size  of  the  domestic  market. D. the  size  of  the  domestic  plus  the  foreign  market. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D Brown field : , Green field : 21. A  firm  in  monopolistic  competition A. earns  positive  monopoly  profits  because  each  sells  a  differentiated product. B. earns  positive  oligopoly  profits  because  each  firm  sells  a  differentiated product.C. earns  zero  econ omic  profits  because  it  is  in  perfectly  or  pure  competition. D. earns  zero  economic  profits  because  of  free  entry. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 16. International  trade  based  on  scale  economies  is  likely  to  be  associated  with A. Ricardian  comparative  advantage. B. comparative  advantage  associated  with  Heckscher-Ohlin  factor- proportions. C. comparative  advantage  based  on  quality  and  service. D. comparative  advantage  based  on  diminishing  returns. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  E ———————————————Ch7———————————————- . The  effective  rate  of  protection  measures A. the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"true†Ã‚  ad  valorum  v alue  of  a  tariff. B. the  quota  equivalent  value  of  a  tariff. C. the  efficiency  with  which  the  tariff  is  collected  at  the  customhouse. D. the  protection  given  by  the  tariff  to  domestic  value  added. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 1. Specific  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  specific  legal  statutes. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. C. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. D. the  same  as  import  quotas. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B . Ad  valorem  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  ads  in  industry  publications. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. A. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. B. the  same  as  import  quotas C. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C The  main  redistribution  effect  of  a  tariff  is  the  transfer  of  income  from A. domestic  producers  to  domestic  buyers. B. domestic  buyers  to  domestic  producers. C. domestic  producers  to  domestic  government. D. domestic  government  to  domestic  consumers. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 21.Which  of  the  following  policies  permits  a  specified  quantity  of  goods  to  be imported  at  one  tariff  rate  and  a  higher  tariff  rate  to  imports  above  this  quantity? A. Import  tariff B. Voluntary  exports  restraint C. Tariff  quota D. Ad  valorum  tariff E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 22. Should  the  home  country  be  Ã¢â‚¬Å"large†Ã‚  relative  to  its  trade  partners,  its  imposition  of a  tariff  on  imports  would  lead  to  an  increase  in  domestic  welfare  if  the  terms  of the  trade  rectangle  exceed  the  sum  of  the A. revenue  effect  plus  redistribution  effect. B. protective  effect  plus  revenue  effect. C. consumption  effect  plus  redistribution  effect.D. protective  distortion  effect  plus  consumption  distortion  effect. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D An import quota: Is always more costly to a country than an import tariff. Has the same effects on welfare as an import tariff. Generates rents that might go to foreigners. Is always less costly to a country than an import tariff. -> -> ? ? ——————————-Ch9————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 27. The  imperfect  capital  market  justification  for  infant  industry  promotion A. Assumes  that  new  industries  will  tend  to  have  low  profits. B.Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  soon  mature. C. Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  be  in  products  of  comparative advantage. D. Assumes  that  banks  can  allocate  resources  efficiently. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 2. Sophisticated  theoretical  arguments  supporting  import-substitution  policies include A. Terms  of  trade  effects. B. Scale  economy  arguments. C. Learning  curve  considerations. D. The  problem  of  appropriability. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 14. Which  industrialization  policy  used  by  developing  countries  places  emphasis  on the  comparative  advantage  principle  as  a  guide  to  resource  allocation? A. Export  promotion.B. Import  substitution. C. International  commodity  agreements. D. Infant  Industry  promotion. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 1. The  infant  industry  argument  was  an  important  theoretical  basis  for A. Neo-colonialist  theory  of  international  exploitation. B. Import  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  substituting  industrialization. C. Historiography  of  the  industrial  revolution  in  Western  Europe. D. East-Asian  miracle. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 6. The  wage  differential  theory  which  argued  that  shifting  resources  from  agriculture to  manufacturing  entailed  positive  social  benefits  implied  that A. Free  trade  policies  would  promote  competitiveness. B.Free  trade  policies  would  promote  economic  growth  for  both  static  and dynamic  reasons. C. Protectionism  was  likel y  to  lead  to  economic  stagnation. D. Protectionism  and  import  substitution  was  likely  to  promote  economic growth. Answer:  D 12. Which  trade  strategy  have  developing  countries  used  to  restrict  imports  of manufactured  goods  so  that  the  domestic  market  is  preserved  for  home  producers, who  thus  can  take  over  markets  already  established  in  the  country? A. International  commodity  agreement. B. Export  promotion. C. Multilateral  contract. D. Import  substitution. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 18. Import  substitution  policies  make  use  ofA. Tariffs  that  discourage  goods  from  entering  a  country. B. Quotas  applied  to  goods  that  are  shipped  abroad. C. Production  subsidies  granted  to  industries  with  comparative  advantage. D. Tax  breaks  granted  to  i ndustries  with  comparative  advantage. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 25. The  infant  industry  argument  is  that A. Comparative  advantage  is  irrelevant  to  economic  growth B. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  agricultural  goods. C. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  manufacturing. D. Developing  countries  have  a  potential  comparative  advantage  in manufacturing. E. None  of  the  above.Answer:  D 26. The  infant  industry  argument  calls  for  active  government  involvement A. Only  if  the  government  forecasts  are  accurate. B. Only  if  some  market  failure  can  be  identified. C. Only  if  the  industry  is  not  one  already  dominated  by  industrial  countries. D. Only  if  the  industry  has  a  high  value  added. E. None  of  t he  above. Answer:  B 30. Import  substitution  policies  have  over  time  tended  to  involve  all  but  the  following A. Overlapping  import  quotas. B. Exchange  controls. C. Domestic  content  rules. D. Simple  tariffs. E. Multiple  exchange  rate  schemes. Answer:  D 35. The  HPAE  (High  Performance  Asian  Economies)  countriesA. Have  all  consistently  supported  free  trade  policies. B. Have  all  consistently  maintained  import-substitution  policies. C. Have  all  consistently  maintained  non-biased  efficient  free  capital  markets . D. Have  all  maintained  openness  to  international  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D ================================ch11========================== 1. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  incomeà ‚  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  Pakistan  and India  fall  under? A.Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Pakistan  and  India  fall  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 2. While  many  developing  countries  have  reformed  their  economies  in  order  to imitate  the  success  of  the  successful  industrial  economies,  the  process  remains incomplete  and  most  developing  countries  tend  to  be  characterized  by  all  of  the following  except: A. Seigniorage B. Control  of  capital  movements  by  limiting  foreign  exchange  transactions connected  with  trade  in  assets. C. Use  of  natural  resources  or  agricultural  commodities  as  an  important  share of  expo rts.D. A  worse  job  of  directing  savings  toward  their  most  efficient  investment uses. E. Reduced  corruption  and  poverty  due  to  limited  underground  markets. Answer:  E 4. Compared  with  industrialized  economies,  most  developing  countries  are  poor  in the  factors  of  production  essential  to  modern  industry:  These  factors  are A. capital  and  skilled  labor B. capital  and  unskilled  labor C. fertile  land  and  unskilled  labor D. fertile  land  and  skilled  labor E. water  and  capital Answer:  A 5. The  main  factors  that  discourage  investment  in  capital  and  skills  in  developing countries  are: A. olitical  instability,  insecure  property  rights B. political  instability,  insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies C. political  instability,  misguided  economicà ‚  policies D. political  instability E. insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies Answer:  B 6. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  sub-Saharan Africa  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E.Sub-Saharan  Africa  falls  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 7. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  mainland China  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income Answer:  B 8. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies.What  category  would  the  smaller Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Smaller  Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  between  low  income and  lower  middle  income Answer:  D 9. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Saudi Arabia  falls  under? A. Low-income B.Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Saudi  Arabia  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income economies Answer:  B 10. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Turkey falls  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Turkey  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income  economiesAnswer:  B 11. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  uppe r middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Poland, Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Poland,  Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  between  low income  and  lower  middle  income  economies Answer:  B

Capitalism According to Karl Marx

Capitalism Harmonizing to Karl Marx InThe Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx evaluates the effects of capitalist economy on society and asserts that it has both positive and negative constituents. Marx states that capitalist economy ends feudal system, establishes the universe market, develops a more efficient commercialism, agglomerates population, and increases the technological procedure every bit good as communicating on land. However, Marx is extremely critical of capitalist economy. He notes the steep category division between the opinion middle class and the tuging proletarian categories and acknowledges this as a cardinal defect in the party. He views the category division as a merchandise of historical forms. Marx disagrees with the Southern Cross of capitalist society and its strong accent on pecuniary dealingss. He believes the subjugation of the workers will imminently spur the overthrow of the middle class. Marx makes a persuasive and perceptive statement analysing the advantages and disadvantages of capitalis t economy, while foretelling its eventual death. Marx underscores this theory by prefering socialism as a gradual replacing for capitalist economy, which would so germinate into to entire Communism. Feudalism, from Marx’s position, was an inefficient economic system that â€Å"no longer sufficed for the turning wants of the new markets† ( 10 ) . Marx credits capitalist economy with the terminal of feudal system. The feudal system was no longer compatible with the turning productive forces ; feudal system was curtailing the really productiveness and exchange of the fabrication industry. As demand for new merchandises continued to lift, universe markets continued spread outing. The consequence was the fabrication system, which had later turned into the â€Å"giant, modern industry† ( 11 ) . Through industry, there was an instant betterment in production. The addition in the velocity and efficiency of production helped come on the invention of new engineering. In add-on to stoping feudal system and holding created a more efficient economic system, Marx sees capitalist economy as going a revolution. Marx takes note that the productivity of the spread outing universe markets was the fastest of all time witnessed earlier. â€Å"The middle class during its regulation of scarce one hundred old ages, has created more monolithic and more prodigious productive forces so have all preceding coevalss together† ( 14 ) . Capitalism’s enlargement led to the formation of a well-developed commercialism, pilotage, and land communicating. As a consequence of those accomplishments, there was a growing in urbanisation, increased capital, and the changeless betterment of industry ( 11 ) . The middle class has subjected the state to the regulation of the towns. It has created tremendous metropoliss, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural, and has therefore rescued a considerable portion of the population from the idi ocyofrural life† ( 14 ) . Marx argues that the specifically capitalist system of production and itsurban systems incorporate people and compelled them to interact in a mode that was unprecedented in rural countries. Later, Marx will see this efficient economic revolution as the stepping-stone towards Communism. Capitalism contributed vastly towards the development of the modern province. Although the replacing of Feudalism did present an improved economic system, Marx disputes that it did non include the devastation of its category hostility. The two categories within society were resolutely split and developed into two obviously contrasting categories. A hierarchy was formed with the middle class on top as the opinion category and the laboring workers on underside. There were no societal differentiations between the two categories besides their differing functions in capitalist community. From the outgrowth of this new industry came its leaders, the modern middle class, and the workers, the modern labour category, â€Å"who live merely so long as they find work, and who find work merely so long as their labour additions capital† ( 16 ) . Marx characterizes the mercenary middle class as opinion over the workers thanks to the go oning addition of capital and private belongings. The workers were a agency of production, no longer necessitating any specialised acc omplishments like before capitalist economy ; they were an â€Å"appendage† of the machine ( 16 ) . â€Å"The middle class has stripped of its aura every business hitherto honored and looked up to with reverent awe† ( 12 ) . Occupations that were one time considered to be skilled labour were losing their prestigiousness as their specific accomplishments were rendered worthless under new methods of production ( 17 ) . The middle class attempted to deskill their places and therefore rid society of a in-between category. By deskilling doctors, attorneies, and priests, the middle class could force these workers into the labor category where they could work and suppress them with much greater easiness. The lower strata of the in-between category began to drop into the workers as good. Nonetheless, an spread outing labor category was deriving in both Numberss and in strength thanks to the steps which unified workers under capitalist production. Marx criticizes capitalist economies ageless demand for the revolutionizing of production and the instability that this causes. The â€Å"everlasting uncertainness and agitation distinguish the middle class era from all earlier ones† ( 13 ) . He sees this as contradictory and irrational because it is non executable to anticipate lasting uninterrupted growing and enlargement for economic success. The demand to constantly spread out one’s market drives the middle class to work markets all over the universe. â€Å"All that is solid thaws into air† ( 13 ) . Metaphorically talking, Marxhighlights the instabilities within capitalist economy. He underscores that the ceaseless demand for growing leaves capitalist economy without a â€Å"solid† foundation. The middle class, as Marx puts it, â€Å"played a most radical role† ( 12 ) . The middle class may hold ended the feudal ties that bounded people to their â€Å"natural higher-ups, † nevertheless ; they established the workman as merely a â€Å"paid wage-laborer, † without any personal worth ( 12 ) . Marx believes that the middle class have belittled the working-class adult male, the worker, into nil more than a trade good. He goes on to state â€Å"a category of labourers, who live merely so long as they find work, and who find work merely so long as their labour additions capital† ( 16 ) . Marx claims the workers have no single character and go obviously a beginning of capital for the middle class. The laden workers would finally get the better of this by subverting the middle class. Marx believes capitalist economy will, at one point, no longer be compatible to run society. The workers do non come on with the increasing industry ; They â€Å" [ sank ] deeper and deeper below the conditions of being of [ their ] ain class† ( 22 ) . The middle class relied on capital. Capital is merely produced every bit long as the wage-laborers are portion of production. However, in capitalist economy, competition with engineering unfolded and threatened the wage-laborers’ topographic point in production. The proletarians’ topographic point in production regressed and became threatened of bing. Marx states that the middle class are no longer suit to be the â€Å"ruling category in society, † because of this. The workers, who have no ownership of belongings or power over productive forces, were the bulk of society ; hence, their battles should be the battles of the state ( 21 ) . Marx theorizes that the workers would subvert the middle class hierarchy fueled by their ain category battle. The middle class in respects to capitalist economy, in Marx’s position, was â€Å"like the magician who is no longer able to command the powers of the nether universe whom he has called up by his spells† ( 15 ) . The middle class developed excessively much power over the on the job category and enslaved them â€Å"by the machine, † with changeless labour ( 17 ) . Marx stated that the middle class oppressed the workers to the point of revolution and overthrow. What makes the workers capable of subverting the dominant middle class was that they had increased in figure and strength, holding become more greatly concentrated in the multitudes ( 18 ) . Ironically, the enlargement of capitalist economy under the middle class is what assisted the workers in doing the overthrow possible. The workers were better able to pass on with one another through the improved engineering. Furthermore, the workers could form themselves into labour brotherhoods that could order statute law to be passed in acknowledgment of worker’s involvements. Marx establishes the fact that the middle class become so consumed by their power from capitalist economy, that they lose sight of how laden the workers become. In response to the failures of the middle class towards intervention of the workers, and the proletarian’s rise to laterality, Marx presents Communism. The Communist party sought the overthrow of middle class domination and the rise of power from the workers ( 23 ) . The Communists represented the involvements of all workers, and do non organize opposing propertyless parties. How the Communists achieved this, Marx inside informations, is that they abolish private belongings. By acquiring rid of private belongings, the anchor of capitalist economy, the middle class lose their societal power and go at equal footings with the workers. They converted private belongings to ‘common property’ so that they could acquire rid of category character, which separated the workers from the middle class. The Communists besides sought the elimination of the proletarians’ lowly map in capitalist economy, to increase the bourgeoisie’s capital ( 25 ) . Alternatively, the Communists wanted to â€Å"centralize all instruments of production in the custodies of the state† so that there would non be power in the custodies o f the few ( 31 ) . The overall end of the Communists could be seen as no longer holding the category hostility as were in capitalist economy, and holding the whole state be in control of the production so that there was no laden category. Although Marx sees capitalist economy as holding positive benefits in society, he does non believe it was the right way for society to follow. Capitalism made headroom towards a genuinely revolutionized modern province. It increased productiveness among universe markets, introduced new engineering and communications, and achieved industrialism. However, category hostilities were non eliminated, and alternatively became more profoundly embedded. The middle class and workers had turned into two viing categories through capitalist economy. Materialism was more extremely regarded than individuality, holding led to the workers suffered. Marx sees capitalist economy as the measure towards accomplishing pure Communism. Communism would acquire rid of the societal hierarchy founded in the capitalist system, holding made the workers equal. In decision, Marx’s persuasive and perceptive essay efficaciously answers why capitalist economy overall does non function good for the working-class , and was instead a needful revolution for the measure towards Communism.